The Death Of Kitty Genovese - 1493 Words

The reason for this study was due to the death of Kitty Genovese in New York City. She was a young woman who was murdered by Winston Mosley in observance of many spectators who saw the incident from their bedroom windows of an apartment complex. Media went into a frenzy stating that 38 people witnessed the attack but did nothing to assist and did not call law enforcement, however, the story was misconstrued and it was later found that there were significantly less than 38 people observing and at least once person called law enforcement. The Bystander Intervention in Emergencies: Diffusion of Responsibility study s main goal was to uncover whether the amount of people in emergency situations decreased the speed of reporting due to the†¦show more content†¦The subject would later on in the conversation begin to slur his or her speech and go into a â€Å"seizure.† Although having the subjects in isolation allowed the study to be conducted successfully and created realism for the experiment what was not taken into consideration is that fact that in many emergency situations there are usually others you can speak with in regards to actions that should be taken. In this experiment, the subjects were isolated and unable to communicate with one another. While the subject began his seizure the naà ¯ve subject was unable to gain reassurance in regards to their mental dilemma of helping or continuing with the experiment. There were three group variables, which consisted of a two-person group (the real subject and the subject who would have the â€Å"seizure†). Three-person group (real subject, subject who would have a â€Å"seizure† and a confederate voice) and a size-person group (real subject, subject who would have a â€Å"seizure† and four confederates.) The subjects were given six minutes to respond to the emergency. If the subject did not come out to retrieve the research assistant from the hall the experiment was terminated after six minutes and the subject was debriefed. The main independent variable was theShow MoreRelatedBystander Effect Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pagesas the Genovese Syndrome, was named after the infamous murder of â€Å"Kitty† Catherine Genovese in 1964, on the streets of New York in front of thirty-seven witnesses. After studying the Genovese syndrome and doing research on how this phenomenon occurs even today, it is clear The Bystander Effect is not just a theory, but actually fact. It wasn’t until Martin Gansberg wrote the article â€Å"37 Witnesses Who Saw Murder Didn’t Call the Police† in The NewYork Times two weeks after Catherine â€Å"Kitty† GenoveseRead MoreBystander Effect Essay1389 Words   |  6 Pagesas the Genovese Syndrome, was created after the infamous murder of â€Å"Kitty† Catherine Genovese in 1964, on the streets of New York in front of thirty-seven witnesses. After studying the Genovese syndrome and doing research on how this phenomenon occurs today, it is clear The Bystander effect is not theory, but actually fact. It wasn’t until Martin Gansberg wrote the article â€Å"37 Witnesses Who Saw Murder Didn’t Call the Police† in The NewYork Times two weeks after Catherine â€Å"Kitty† Genovese was murderedRead MoreKitty Genovese1549 Words   |  7 PagesJihyun Yun ENG 101. 0795 Professor Kevin Lerner May 29, 2007 Research paper Selfish City’s Life Kitty Genovese was an ordinary woman. One day, she was going home in the early morning. When she arrived in her neighborhood at about 3:15 a.m. and parked her car about 100 feet from her apartments door, she was attacked by someone. She screamed out. Even though her screams were heard by several neighbors, nobody helped her. She was seriously injured, but the witnesses did not believe sheRead MoreEvolution of Social Psychology Essay1668 Words   |  7 Pageswere important, the question still remains of what the most significant event in the history of psychology was. The argument will be given in this paper if a murder was the most significant event in the history of social psychology. The murder of Kitty Genovese in 1964 may have been the event which caused social psychology to be embedded in other subdivisions of psychology and studied by other societal and medical constructs. Her murder over 40 years ago caused social psychology to be used in the studyRead MoreHistory Of Th e Bystander Effect1835 Words   |  8 Pagesviral and what some would call, legendary. This story resulted in a woman denominated as Kitty Genovese being assailed and murdered by Winston Moseley. The reason this situation became so popular was due to the fact that Kitty Genovese was murdered with witnesses nearby. Many wondered how can citizens of America sanction a woman being murdered knowing that she was in desideratum of avail. The Kitty Genovese story influenced social psychologists such as Bibb Latanà © and John Darley to engender a studyRead More Analysis of Carol Tavris In Groups We Shrink From Loner’s Heroics1011 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"In Groups We Shrink From Loner’s Heroics†. Tavris believes people who are in groups tend to act in a more sluggish manor than those alone. She states many examples of this theory in her article, including the story of Kitty Genovese which is stated in the first paragraph. Kitty was stabbed repeatedly and killed in front of her New York apartment. No one did anything to stop this heinous action from taking place. Within her essay she obtains rhetorical appeals to prove that her statements areRead MoreCruelty, By Stanley Milgram1432 Words   |  6 Pagesand Bibb Latane, two young psychologists decided to create a study based on the Kitty Genovese case. This case was about Catherine Genovese or more commonly knows as Kitty, who was a female manager of a bar and was returning home after her shift at 3 A.M in Queens, New York. She stepped out of her car and noticed a suspiciously looking man in the distance and decided to make a move towards the police call box, sadly Kitty did not make it to box as before she knew it this man stabbed her from behindRead MoreWill You Practice What You Preach? Essay example1493 Words   |  6 Pagesresulting quandary is much more convoluted. The bystander effect is one tale as old as time; however, after the grim fate of Kitty Genovese, this subtle effect was forced into the limelight. Kitty Genovese was a twenty- eight-year-old girl who resided in the Queens of New York City until one dreadful night in 1964 when Winston Moseley brutally stabbed Genovese to death over the course of thirty minutes. Thirty-eight civilians witnessed the assail yet continued on with their nights (BystanderRead MoreWhat Is Responsibility To Act826 Words   |  4 Pages because they know they will not get in legal trouble if the situation goes south for who they are helping. If these laws were in place across the country, there could be a dramatic decrease in deaths in the presence bystanders, because of the comfort given to the spectators. The murder of Kitty Genovese in 1964 is one of the most famous cases regarding the duty to act debate. It gathered an immense amount of attention because of the severity of the murder and the significant number of bystandersRead MoreBystander Effect And Crises : Bystander Effects1625 Words   |  7 Pages Anthony R. Hudgens March 24, 2016 Case Study #4 Bystander Effect and Crises Bystander Effect and Crises A woman by the name of Kitty Genovese was stalked and stabbed to death in an alleyway of Queens, New York, in 1964 (Pugh Henry). It is reported that there were nearly 40 witnesses who heard her screams for help but failed to do so (Colangelo, 2014). Why is it that some individuals tend to shy away from bad situations in which help is clearly needed? Kitty’s murderer, Winston Mosely

Shakespeares Merchant of Venice and Othello Shylock vs...

The Merchant of Venice and Othello: Shylock vs Iago Shakespeares use of timeless themes make his works relevant to the modern reader. His two plays The Merchant of Venice and Othello deal with the seeking of revenge and forbidden love. In The Merchant of Venice, Shylock, the main character, is a Jew who loans money and charges interest. Shylock has an enemy named Antonio who also loans money to people, but without interest. Iago is a character in Othello who has been passed over for a position as Othellos right hand man. He feels that he deserves the position not the person who received it, Cassio. Both of these characters want revenge from the people whom they perceive as having done them wrong and will stop†¦show more content†¦Antonio is not able to pay after the three-month period, but in the next couple of days he does get enough money to pay the debt. Shylock does not want the money anymore, rather the pound of flesh from Antonios body. Nothing will make him change his mind. Iago also will stop at nothing to ge t his revenge. He uses everything that he can think of to make sure that his plan is fulfilled. These two characters are also similar in that they are both conniving. Shylock uses his intelligence to convince Antonio that he has his best interests at heart when he loans him the money. Shylock says that he will not charge him interest, instead he wants in payment, if Antonio fails to pay, a pound of his flesh. Iago is also conniving in that he uses people and tells them what they want to hear to help himself with his plan. He leads Roderigo, Cassio, and Othello on to help fulfill his plans. Thus, Shylock and Iago appear to be similar in that they both want revenge, are conniving, and ruthless; however, they are very different when you really look at their characteristics. The first difference between Shylock and Iago is that the reader can sympathize with Shylock and not Iago. When Shylock loans Antonio the money, he wants a pound of his flesh as payment if he defaults on the loan. Shylock says, The pound of flesh which I demand of him / Is dearly bought, is mine, and I will have it. / If you deny me,

Responce to Romiette and Julio free essay sample

Wednesday, May 18th, 2011 Evil versus Non Evil Romiette and Julio is by Sharon M. Draper. Romiette Cappelle is a sixteen year old African American teenager living in Cincinnati, Ohio. Romi searches for the reason behind her recurring nightmares of fear which involve fire and water. Sixteen year old Julio Montague is a Mexican teenager who has just moved to Cincinnati. Julio wishes he could move back home to his grandfathers. Julio knows it’s impossible since his parents moved to Cincinnati due to the heavy gang presence in Texas. Julio initially meets Romi online in a teen chat room and they discover that they attend the same school. As they begin to create connection, other people begin to object to their relationship. Then there are the Devildogs, an African American gang who wear all purple and make it obvious to Romi and Julio that they dont like the races mixing. We will write a custom essay sample on Responce to Romiette and Julio or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As Romi and Julio continue their romance, completely ignoring the Devildogs’ view point, gang members threaten to get even. The danger escalates when the gang begins stalking the couple and decides to forewarn the couple that their romance isn’t appreciated by intimidating them with guns. Julio and Romi are terrified by the threats of violence, and create a plan where they will record these over threats of violence. When the plan goes wrong, Romi and Julio find themselves caught up in a deadly situation, where they end up in a hospital. A theme that can be well explained in this story is that â€Å"bravery is not always the key to success. † Once Destiny, Ben, Romiette and Julio forge a plan to escape the awful actions of the Devildogs, their plan entirely does not succeed. They then end up in a situation where they are caught up in tragedy. Quotes that can support my theme by showing Romi and Julio’s courageousness are â€Å"Why doesn’t Romi’s dad and his secret six investigative news team follow the Devildogs with a hidden camera, catch them threatening Romi and Julio, then expose it on TV? My dad would never agree to use me to catch them, said Romi. What if we did the filming instead of your dad? suggested Julio. â€Å" Quotes that can show that bravery isn’t always the key to success are â€Å"What cops? Terrell replied with derision. What are they gonna do to us? Devildogs rule, Tex. And we ‘bout to show you how. We tried to warn you but now you got to be taught a lesson. † These quotes show that they’re going to be in trouble, so according to me, being brave isn’t always the key to success. I connect this novel to another novel I’ve read during this year, called Safe House. This book is by James Heneghan, and is about  Liam Fogarty, a twelve year old whose parents are murdered by intruders. Given that Liam gets a good look at one of the gunmen, he also become a target. After escaping being shot through the window, he is placed in a police station for protection against being targeted by the gunmen. I am relating the two novels because in both situations, there are good and bad. For example, in this novel, there are Romiette and Julio the innocent characters, and the Devildogs the evil characters. In Safe House, there’s Liam Fogarty and his parents the innocent characters, and the intruders the evil characters. Although in both cases, the good always accomplish their objective, and the bad always suffer the consequences. As an example, Romiette and Julio will live happily ever after, and the Devildogs will have to pay for what they have done. In the end, harmful actions won’t lead to victory. Sharon Draper used certain strategies to enhance the meaning of the novel and the quality of writing. One of the strategies that she used is foreshadowing. Foreshadowing adds suspense to this novel by giving us clues of what is going to happen. Sharon Draper’s style in Romiette and Julio was to title each and every chapter; however this gave me a clear idea of what was going to come up next. As an example, chapter forty seven is titled A Lead, and in the previous chapters Romiette and Julio were kidnapped. So this title gave me an idea that the policemen got a clue to discover where Romiette and Julio might be. Another strategy Sharon Draper used is imagery. In this novel, you can actually imagine vivid pictures of the scene that is occurring which makes the story more intense. As an example, in Romi’s recurring nightmares, you can actually imagine the deadly water pouring down onto her, as if it’s drowning her and making her terrified. Sharon Draper created an interesting and excellent novel, Romiette and Julio. The reason why I believe this story is amazing is because Draper uses a fictional example of what teenagers may experience in their every day lives. Given that presently, out in the real world, a portion of the teenage population may be experiencing problems with criminals. Plenty of teenagers face similar experiences, like the story of Romiette and Julio. This book opens up our minds into realizing how dangerous it is to be involved with gangs. Therefore, for our own personal safety we must stay out of any criminal gangs’ activity or conflict.

Underachievers Essays (1911 words) - Education,

Underachievers This paper adresses the issue of how a negative self concept can effect achievement of gifted students. it specifically focuses on the effect of acedemic achievement, discusses what it means to be both an underachiever and have a negative self concept, how to identify these students and what family and teachers can do about this. PAPER Many academically gifted children underachieve in school classrooms as a result of the fact that they do not know how to achieve higher a or they feel they cannot achieve a task that they are expected to be able to but find it too difficult. Underachievement is a pervasive problem which results in a tremendous waste of human potential among our most able students. In fact, in 1972 the U.S. Commissioner of Education estimated that 17.6% of gifted ( both academically and non-academically) students drop out of high school, and that percentage is probably even higher today. (Schnieder, 1997) and to add a New Zealand perspective, Moltzen (in McAlpine and Moltzen, 1996) suggest that 10-20% of students who do not graduate are gifted. These students hold a negative self concept of themselves as they have not received the support necessary to be able to work and achieve at their own level. There are many different contributing factors to the establishing of self concepts and how they effect gifted children. . This paper addresses how gifted children form negative self concepts of themselves and how can effect their achievement in an academic school setting. First it is necessary to provide the background knowledge and the definitions on areas that are to be discussed. For the purpose of this paper the definition of self concept is a persons view of self, in relation to their perception of feed back from others. This view occurs in both academic and non-academic areas. (Fox, 1993 in Rawlinson, 1996) To specifically focus on the academic area of self concepts which is being addressed in this paper , an academic self concept is a relatively stable set of attitudes and feelings reflecting self evaluation of ones ability to successfully perform basic school related tasks such as reading, writing, spelling and maths. (Boersma & Chapman,1992 in Rawlinson, 1996) Self concepts tend to be domain specific, meaning that pupils have different self concepts towards different areas of the curriculum (Schunk,1990) but to avoid complications throughout this paper all academic subjects will all be inclusive with each other. The definition of underchievement is not as straight forward as that of self concept as many people have different ideas on what it means to underachieve. Wellington and Wellington (1965) suggest that under achievers have a low level of aspiration. In its simplest form it can be defined as a unfulfilled potential (Moltzen in McAlpine and Moltzen, 1996) but neither of these definitions provide much capture the essence of underachievement in gifted children as they do not provide enough detail as to the difference between what they are achieving and what they could achieve. The definition of the purpose of this assignment is provided by Davis and Rimm( 1994 in Moltzen, 1996) who define underachievment as a discrepancy between the childs school performance and some index of his or her actual ability such as intelligence, achievement, or creativity score or observational data. Because a gifted student underachieves it does not mean that they are failing in the school system. Gifted students are generally capable of performing at least two levels ahead of their age peers. If they are not identified as being gifted, they are seldom challenged to perform in accord with their potential. In fact, these capable students may be considered underachievers even when they get ?good? grades.( Schneider, 1997) All children are natural learners and begin life with a drive to acquire knowledge, understand it and make use of it according to their abilities. Children do not begin school with the intention of seeking failure or frustrating their teachers. (Schnieder, 1997) And gifted children definitely do not go out to seek failure. How pupils use this newly found information that they have learnt and how teachers react to how they use this information or how well they achieve, contributes to the forming of self concepts. An individuals self concept is formed as a result of interactions and experiences with others and is learned and acquired over time. (Rawlinson, 1996) In reinforcement to the idea that self concepts are learned, Scheirer & Kraut (1979) suggest with specific reference to academia that a self concept is a product of interactive outcomes with ones academic environment

The Scarlett Letter essays

The Scarlett Letter essays Hawthorne handles his flirtation with the supernatural in various ways and I feel that they are expressed through three themes and those themes are wildness, the scarlet color, and honesty. Many times with in the story pearl is regarded as being a wild child and fitting in with nature or being an elf child. When Dimmesdale finally admits that Pearl is his child it is if that wildness leaves and pearl becomes a normal human with feelings. The scarlet color is most notably associated with the scarlet letter on Hesters heart but it goes beyond that. The scarlet color is seen in various instances and that is all thanks to the various supernatural events in the book. Honesty is also a main theme in the book that is related to being supernatural, through the entire story Pearl is cautious around Dimmesdale and detects various awkward things about him and that is because he has wet to acknowledge Pearl in public. Often times within the book Pearl is regarded as being wild but that is not wildness starts. Wildness starts when Chillingworth first enters the story and he talks of how he has learned various things in the woods with the Indians. Often times when Hester goes to talk she will tell Pearl to go and play in the forest. Pearl has no problems finding amusement in the forest she often imitates her mothers Scarlet Letter. When Hester and Dimmesdale make the plans to escape New England Pearl is told to go off and play. When Hester calls out for Pearl it is if Pearl will not respond and that is because it seems as if Pearl is one with the forest. Dimmesdale even makes the comment that Pearl must be left behind and that is because the stream is the boundary between two world and Pearl can not cross the stream. During one episode of Pearl playing in the forest she is throwing stones and hits and injures a bird. She stops and is saddened by the fact that she could hurt something as wild as h erself. ...

12 Types of Questions in Casablanca

12 Types of Questions in Casablanca To illustrate the various ways that questions can be framed in English, here are 12 memorable exchanges from the classic film Casablanca. In Casablanca, at the beginning of the flashback scene in Paris, Humphrey Bogart pops open a bottle of champagne and then immediately pops a few questions to Ingrid Bergman: Rick: Who are you really? And what were you before? What did you do and what did you think? Huh?Ilsa: We said no questions. Despite that pledge, the dialogue in Casablanca is full of questions - some of them answered, many of them not. With apologies to the screenwriters (Julius Epstein, Philip Epstein, Howard Koch, and Casey Robinson), Ive plucked 12 of these exchanges out of context to illustrate the various ways that questions can be framed in English. To learn more about any of these interrogative strategies, follow the links to our Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms. Wh- QuestionsAs the name suggests, a wh- question is one thats formed with an interrogative word (what, who, whom, whose, which, when, where, why, or how) and that allows an open-ended answer - something other than yes or no.Annina: Msieur Rick, what kind of man is Captain Renault?Rick: Oh, hes just like any other man, only more so.Annina: No, I mean, is he trustworthy? Is his word . . .Rick: Now, just a minute. Who told you to ask me that?Annina: He did. Captain Renault did.Rick: I thought so. Wheres your husband?Annina: At the roulette table, trying to win enough for our exit visa. Of course, hes losing.Rick: How long have you been married?Annina: Eight weeks. . . .Yes-No QuestionsAnother aptly named interrogative construction, the yes-no question invites the listener to choose between only two possible answers.Laszlo: Ilsa, I . . .Ilsa: Yes?Laszlo: When I was in the concentration camp, were you lonely in Paris?Ilsa: Yes, Victor, I was.Laszlo: I know how it is to be lonely. Is the re anything you wish to tell me?Ilsa: No, Victor, there isnt. Declarative QuestionsAs Rick demonstrates, a declarative question is a yes-no question that has the form of a declarative sentence but is spoken with rising intonation at the end.Ilsa: Richard, I had to see you.Rick: You use Richard again? Were back in Paris.Ilsa: Please.Rick: Your unexpected visit isnt connected by any chance with the letters of transit? It seems as long as I have those letters Ill never be lonely.Tag QuestionsA tag question (like Ricks wouldnt it?) is a question thats added to a declarative sentence, usually at the end, to engage the listener, verify that something has been understood, or confirm that an action has taken place.Rick: Louis, Ill make a deal with you. Instead of this petty charge you have against him, you can get something really big, something that would chuck him in a concentration camp for years. That would be quite a feather in your cap, wouldnt it?Renault: It certainly would. Germany . . . Vichy would be grateful.Alternative QuestionsAn alternati ve question (which typically ends with a falling intonation) offers the listener a closed choice between two answers.Ilsa: After Major Strassers warning tonight, I am frightened.Laszlo: To tell you the truth, I am frightened, too. Shall I remain here in our hotel room hiding, or shall I carry on the best I can?Ilsa: Whatever Id say, youd carry on. Echo QuestionsAn echo question (such as Ilsas Occupied France?) is a type of direct question that repeats part or all of something which someone else has just said.Ilsa: This morning you implied that it was not safe for him to leave Casablanca.Strasser: That is also true, except for one destination, to return to occupied France.Ilsa: Occupied France?Strasser: Uh huh. Under a safe conduct from me.Embedded QuestionsTypically introduced by a phrase such as Could you tell me . . ., Do you know . . ., or (as in this example) I wonder . . ., an embedded question is a question that shows up inside a declarative statement or another question.Laszlo: Msieur Blaine, I wonder if I could talk to you?Rick: Go ahead.WhimperativesA blend of whimper and imperative, the term whimperative refers to the conversational convention of casting an imperative statement in question form to convey a request without causing offense.Ilsa: Will you ask the piano player to come over here, please?Waiter: Very well, Mademoiselle. Leading QuestionsIn courtroom dramas, attorneys usually object if the opposing counsel asks a leading question a question that contains (or at least implies) its own answer. In this example, Laszlo is actually interpreting Ricks motives, not questioning them.Laszlo: Isnt it strange that you always happened to be fighting on the side of the underdog?Rick: Yes. I found that a very expensive hobby.HypophoraHere, both Rick and Laszlo employ the rhetorical strategy of hypophora, by which a speaker raises a question and then immediately answers it himself.Laszlo: If we stop fighting our enemies, the world will die.Rick: What of it? Then itll be out of its misery.Laszlo: You know how you sound, Msieur Blaine? Like a man whos trying to convince himself of something he doesnt believe in his heart. Each of us has a destiny, for good or for evil.Rhetorical QuestionsA rhetorical question is one thats asked merely for effect with no answer expected. Presumably the answer is obvious.Ilsa: I know h ow you feel about me, but Im asking you to put your feelings aside for something more important.Rick: Do I have to hear again what a great man your husband is? What an important cause hes fighting for? Commoration In an effort to shake Rick out of his grim mood, Sam employs another rhetorical strategy, emphasizing an idea (in this case, a whimperative) by repeating it several times in different ways. Sam: Boss. Boss! Rick: Yeah? Sam: Boss, aint you going to bed? Rick: Not right now. Sam: Aint you planning on going to bed in the near future? Rick: No. Sam: You ever going to bed? Rick: No. Sam: Well, I aint sleepy either. At this point, if we were in class, I might ask if anyone had any questions. But Ive learned a lesson from Captain Renault: Serves me right for asking a direct question. The subject is closed. Heres looking at you, kids.

Education Pendulum Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Education Pendulum - Assignment Example From the report it is clear that education has been going back and forth over years, and this is because we have been trying to improve the education style. The pendulum swing occurs due to the reason that, whenever we are trying to improve education, hence we set some procedures but unfortunately we left the objectives pending. The suspension of the predetermined goals are like rolling the ball up the hill and later living it rolling back before we get the ball at the apex of the hill. This trend of leaving the ball to roll back to the bottom of the hill has been going on in the education system. Hence, the education system has been swing just like the pendulum ball. As the study highlights around 40 years ago, most parts of the world preferred the use of television as a learning tool. Most education movies were introduced; hence everyone was swing from teacher system to television learning system. Television was viewed as means of taking students globally to watch the realistic shows such as; kissing Queen Isabella goodbye. Moreover, the television was more efficient compared to the certified teacher because it was simple to replay what the students had not understood. The television was not emotional as compared to teacher hence it was friendly and fair to students. Educational pendulum exists due to the vicious cycles in the society. The society undergoes long-term cycles. Vicious cycles in the society undergo changes which eventually go back to the initial starting point. Same as the education system cycles exist bringing about the education pendulum.

Griswold v. Connecticut Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Griswold v. Connecticut - Research Paper Example In 1873, the government enacted law United States of American that among other things, prohibited people, even those in legal marriages, from using any kind of contraceptive. The laws were called the Comstock Law and had been in place until 1965. The Comstock law also prohibited physicians from giving advice or suggesting to their patients the use of such contraceptives. It also had many other clauses that related to moral issues including the use of the national postal service to send erotic materials, sex toys, and any other item that may be immoral. It prevented the use of any drug for purposes of contraception and prohibited the sale of such a drug or item. This law, was never enforced and by the early 1950s, Connecticut and Massachusetts were the only states in the USA that were still having the provisions of this law in their books of law. The Comstock law was to later be challenged by many people and the public outcry was big especially in the beginning of the 20th century. Up until the court repealed the Comstock law, doctors avoided the topic such as the publications of any research in such matters.

6. “It Is More Important to Discover New Ways of Thinking Essay Example for Free

6. â€Å"It Is More Important to Discover New Ways of Thinking Essay Developing new ways of thinking about what we already know is very important as it helps us to develop a better understanding of that which we already know so to some extent the above statement is true. However it is as significant to discover new data or facts. In fact these two concepts go hand in hand; it is because of some discoveries that we knew when they first came to light that we have something we call existing knowledge to think about and sometimes it is through trying to develop new ways of thinking about a certain issue without a solution that we finally decide it is best to find a new explanation or concept of looking at it. A student who goes from lower to higher school both learns new and advanced ways of thinking about the information they have gathered in previous grades as well as some new data they have never come across before which further stresses that both concepts are important. We cannot learn everything at once nor can we know all sbout those things we know, which is why both developing what we already know and leaarning some new things are equally important. In some cases one may find that discussing and thinking about what we already know but in a new clearer way can help us reach a conclusion whereas if we had chosen to discover new facts about it instead, our horizon of confusion would have been broadened and we find ourselves with yet another mystery to solve. A good example of a case like this is death. Unless someone dies and comes back and tells us exactly what happens after death, no one can ever really know what happens. Any information we all have of life after death is based on assumptions that is if there is even life after death. Discovering new facts about the so called life after death isn’t but going to cause even more confusion, so really in my view I would say it is rather best that one sticks to the knowledge and believe they have over this issue, and if anything, find new ways of thinking about instead of creating yet another confusing phenomena based on assumptions. But such fields as Science motivate constant discovery of new knowledge because this is one area of knowledge where falsification is the only method used to prove the theories because we cannot verify, in other words prove a Scientific theory to be true in any way but we can pfove it fo be wrong. In this case it is clear then that in Science it is more important to discover new facts or data than to think about that which we already have as we need new discoveries to falsify old theories. However sometimes it may be thinking hard and deep into a scientific theory that makes one see fault in it as a result make new discoveries in which case both thinking of something in a new way and making new discoveries would have been equally important. We can for instance look into the famous example of the falsification of Newton’s theory of gravitation by Einstein’s theory of relativity. Einstein like all other Scientists of that time saw nothing wrong with Newton’s model until a crisis came when Newton’s theory of gravity failed to account for the behavior of light. Obviously this had to be a result of scientists thinking of new ways of applying Newton’s model. No one expected the negative outcome they came out with but it was negative and the Scientists were faced with a dilemma they had to solve. That it is when Einstein invented his theory of relativity, a whole new theory, which could work even for those discoveries that Newton’s model failed to. In any case, the point is to show that finding new ways to think of something can actually lead to the discovery of new information which in turn gives us something new to think about and in new ways if we please. Living only by developing things we already know would be depriving ourselves off so much knowledge. Had the people who lived before our generation decided they wanted to live only on what they knew, there would be so much we do not know. Generations like that of Newton or Einstein, generations like that of Priestley or Lavoisier who made discoveries about oxygen and those of people who learned the word of God and passed it on from generation to generation till the bible was written we would not have the knowledge we have today. And the knowledge does not end there and like the paradigm shifts suggest, there will always be new information, new theories and new ways of thinking as the world revolves that will override the current theories but should we decide to live only by the data that already exists, we may find that we are making experiments with 90% errors all the time.

Should Surrogate Motherhood be Allowed? Essay -- essays research paper

Surrogate Motherhood is when one women carries to term the fertilized egg of another woman. This procedure is chosen by married couples who can not conceive a child in the â€Å"natural way†. In some occasions the mother may be able to produce an egg, but has no womb or some other physical problem which prevents her from carrying a child. Whether or not the husband can produce a large amount of sperm is not a problem. Once the egg and sperm are combined in a petri dish fertilization is very likely to occur. The couple will then choose a surrogate mother and make an agreement in which she will carry the baby and release it to the genetic parents after the birth. There are four different kinds of surrogacy arrangements. Total Surrogacy is when the woman bears a child that has been formed from the gametes of another woman and man and implanted in her body. Partial Surrogacy occurs when the birth mother contributes the ovum and the sperm is introduced by artificial insemination. She is a biological parent of the child. Commercial Surrogacy means a business-like transaction where a fee is charged for the incubation period. Lastly, there is a Non-Commercial Surrogacy in which there is no formal contract or any payment to the birth mother. It is usually an arrangement between close friends or family members.(1-10) There is no federal policy on the issue of surrogacy, all fifty states have been left to decide theses issues themselves and create their own policies. The majority of the states have not yet legislated on this subject. Those states that have taken positions differ greatly from one another, such as California and Virginia, who have taken opposing viewpoints California is the state that is the most sympathetic to the genetic parents. Under California law surrogacy agreements are enforceable and the genetic parents are given all legal parental rights to the child. In Virginia, all legal parental rights to the child are given to the surrogate mother. Who is the legal mother? In the case of Johnson v. Calvert, in Virginia, the surrogate mother was found to be the legal mother of the child. If this case would have taken place in California, the biological mother is the legal mother. So it really depends on which state the act of surrogacy is taking place to name the legal mother. Are contracts for surrogate motherhood enforceable under American law? Again, i... ... both expert medical and psychological evaluations. Another major question that arises is whether or not the commissioning parents have the right to tell surrogate mother how to live? Can the couple ban smoking, control alcohol, and other substance intake? These issues need to be taken into mind before choosing a surrogate mother and needs to be stated in the contract.(1-2) In conclusion, surrogate motherhood raises many legal and ethical dilemmas, especially that of who the legal mother is. Surrogate motherhood dramatically alters society norms and creates many different legal viewpoints. But no matter which legal body is dealing with this issue, they all face the same moral and ethical dilemma: that a child born out of surrogacy has a bond with both the genetic mother and the surrogate mother. The bond between these two women and this child is permanent and cannot be changed by law. The law can only govern which woman has the legal right to raise the child. Works Cited Centre Points, Volume 1, No. 1, Article #2, Surrogate Motherhood and its Human Costs, Suzanne Rozell Scorsone, Ph.D. ;1-2 Johnson v. Calvert, 5 Cal. 4th 84, 851p.2d 776, 19 Cal. Rptr. 2d 494 (1993); 1-10

How Is Friar Lawrence Presented in Romeo and Juliet Essay

During the play of Romeo and Juliet, the characters show love in many different ways. Some characters fall in and out of love very quickly in Romeo and Juliet. For example, Romeo is in love with Rosaline at the start of the play, which is presented as an immature action. Today, we might use the term â€Å"puppy love† to describe this. Romeo’s lover Rosaline is shallow and nobody really believes that it will last, including Friar Laurence: Romeo – â€Å"Thou chid’st me oft for loving Rosaline† Friar Laurence – â€Å"For doting, not loving, pupil mine†. In the first meeting of Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare uses religion in describing the first love & sight of Romeo and Juliet. Such as â€Å"good pilgrim† when Juliet first responded to Romeo’s compliment, this show religious use. However during Romeo’s & Juliet’s first meeting they share a sonnet to express each other’s first love for one another, â€Å"The gentile sin this† is a very ironic line because it’s end result is death. Just before Romeo & Juliet share their first kiss, Juliet exclaims herself as a saint â€Å"Saints do not move, though grant for prayers’ sake† – Juliet is saying that her prayers have been answered. Romeo described Juliet as a saint â€Å"O then, dear saint, let lips do what hands do†, this means she’s seen holy by Romeo. During the first Balcony scene Shakespeare introduces the example of love from the first meeting of Romeo & Juliet, example such as â€Å"Dear saint†. Romeo says â€Å"Juliet is the Sun†, which is describing Juliet as a special part of the universe the centre of everything, for example, without the sun life would not be able to exist also life revolves around the sun and it seems to make Juliet seem brighter and more important. During the beginning of the fight between Tybalt and Romeo, Romeo pleads with Tybalt to not to fight â€Å"I do protest I never injured thee, but love thee better than thou canst devise† Only Romeo knows of the love and marriage between himself and Juliet. Tybalt, Juliet cousin is now part of Romeo’s family, and does not want to hurt/ kill him for the future love between himself and Juliet. Tybalt emphases his anger with horns on his costume in Romeo & Juliet the film. Also Tybalt does not know about Romeo and Juliet so he decides he wants a fight. After Romeo exits and Tybalt kills Mercutio Romeo enters and kills Tybalt, this questions Juliet over Romeo; does Romeo prefer friends of family? Romeo expected the death sentence, but the decision was to only banish him, he acted badly to this ecision – â€Å"Ha! Banishment? Be merciful – say death†, He would rather prefer death because he’d be with Juliet when she dies than never see her again – â€Å"Let me ta’en, let me be put to death† During the 2nd balcony scene Romeo says â€Å"more light and light, more dark and dark our woes† this means that whenever there’s more happiness, there will always be darkness in the ba ckground, and their love is gradually being taken over by darkness making them scared. During the dying scene Romeo sees Juliet as being dead. â€Å"Thy drugs are quick. Thus with a kiss I die† Romeo exclaims that finally their love has been overrun with sin and wrong doing in life, the only way for them to be together is in death. When Juliet wakes up and realises Romeo is dead, she takes her own life because if she cannot be with her lover Romeo in life, than they shall share death â€Å"O Happy dagger!  This is thy sheath, – there rust, and let me die† she is happy to take death over life with sin. In conclusion Romeo and Juliet’s life was only taken from them because of the selfishness immaturity between themselves. Also Friar Lawrence should not have encouraged them to go forward with Juliet pretending to die. However because of the many sin’s Romeo and Juliet had committed, they would have probably chosen death over life.

The Concept Of Agency Theory Recognizes There Are Fundamental Differences Accounting Essay

IntroductionAn bureau relationship is a contract under which one or more individuals ( the principal ( s ) ) engage another individual ( the agent ) to execute some service on their behalf which involves deputing some determination doing authorization to the agent ( Jensen and Meckling, 1976 ) . If both parties to the association are public-service corporation maximizers and they may hold different purposes and aims, it is inevitable that the agent will non ever move in the best involvements of the principal. The construct of bureau theory originated from the work of Adolf Augustus Berle and Gardiner Coit Means, who were discoursing the issues of the agent and rule every bit early as 1932. Berle and Means explored the constructs of bureau and their applications toward the development of big corporations. Michael C. Jensen and William Meckling shaped the work of Berle and Means in the context of the risk-sharing research popular in the 1960s and '70s to develop bureau theory as a formal construct. Jensen and Meckling formed a school of idea reasoning that corporations are structured to minimise the costs of acquiring agents to follow the way and involvements of the principals. ( Renee O'Farrell, 2010 ) The construct of bureau theory recognizes there are cardinal differences in how stockholders, directors, and even bondholders interpret their several relationships to an organisation. While they may portion some common ends and aims, there is the possible for at least some aims to emerge that are focused more on single enrichment than on the wellbeing of the whole ( Kleiman, 2010 ) . For illustration, directors may be more focussed on constructing a repute for themselves, perchance making their ain power bases within the construction of the larger organisations. Stockholders may go more focussed on gaining dividends now and less on the hereafter of the concern. Bondholders may be concerned merely with the undertaking associated with the bond issue, and lose sight of how the overall stableness of the company can hold a negative impact on the return earned from that bond ( Kleiman, 2010 ) .Contribution of bureau theory to the development of accountingCurrent mainstream accounting resea rch is based extensively on economic theoretical accounts of bureau that represent he runing company ( house ) directors â€Å" agent † and the single investors â€Å" chief † . This chief agent theoretical account has besides been implicitly adopted in the ordinance of accounting, which focuses on the demands and public assistance of a diverse group of single investors who entrust their wealth to the control of director. ( Bricker, Chandar 1998 ) Accounting plays an of import function as a critical portion of the contracts that define a house. For illustration, imparting agreements between a house and its creditors frequently contain several accounting based compacts. Accounting-based fillip programs are often a constituent of executive compensation programs. Accounting steps are normally used in the public presentation rating of a house ‘s cost and net income centres. ( Bricker, Chandar 1998 ) The construct of Positive Accounting Theory has emerged, in recent old ages, which is based on the theory of bureau. It focuses on the relationships between the assorted persons involved in supplying resources to an organisation and how accounting is used to help in the operation of these relationships. While normative theories tend to urge what should be done. When decision-making authorization is delegated, this can take to some loss of efficiency and consequent costs. For illustration, if the proprietor ( chief ) delegates decision-making authorization to a director ( agent ) it is possible that the director may non work every bit difficult as would the proprietor, given that the director might non portion straight in the consequences of the organisation. Any possible loss of net incomes brought approximately by the director underperforming is considered to be a cost that consequences from the decision-making deputation within this bureau relationship – an bureau cost. The bureau costs that arise as a consequence of deputing decision-making authorization from the proprietor to the director are referred to in Positive Accounting Theory as bureau costs of equity. ( http: //www.download-it.org/free_files/Pages % 20from % 20Chapter % 207 % 20Positive % 20Accounting % 20Theory-d0385ad3b7925717c0b72a06b16de4f4.pdf ) Positive Accounting Theory, as developed by Watts and Zimmerman and others, is based on the cardinal economics-based premise that all persons ‘ action is driven by opportunism and that persons will ever move in an timeserving mode to the extent that the actions will increase their wealth. Impressions of trueness, morality and the similar are non incorporated in the theory ( as they typically are non incorporated in other accounting or economic theories ) . Given an premise that self-interest thrusts all single actions, Positive Accounting Theory predicts that organisations will seek to set in topographic point mechanisms that align the involvements of the directors of the house ( the agents ) with the involvements of the proprietors of the house ( the principals ) . ( http: //www.download-it.org/free_files/Pages % 20from % 20Chapter % 207 % 20Positive % 20Accounting % 20Theory-d0385ad3b7925717c0b72a06b16de4f4.pdf ) Some of these methods of alining involvements will be based on the end product of the accounting system ( such as supplying the director with a portion of the organisation ‘s net incomes ) . Where such accounting based ‘alignment mechanisms ‘ are in topographic point, there will be a demand for fiscal statements to be produced. Directors are predicted to ‘bond ‘ themselves to fix these fiscal statements. This is dearly-won in itself, and in Positive Accounting Theory would be referred to as a ‘bonding cost ‘ . If we assume that directors ( agents ) will be responsible for fixing the fiscal statements, so Positive Accounting Theory besides would foretell that there would be a demand for those statements to be audited or monitored, otherwise agents would, presuming opportunism, seek to exaggerate net incomes, thereby increasing their absolute portion of net incomes. ( http: //www.download-it.org/free_files/Pages % 20from % 20Chapter % 207 % 20P ositive % 20Accounting % 20Theory-d0385ad3b7925717c0b72a06b16de4f4.pdf )Agency Theory and Corporate GovernmentPersons are by and large taken to be preoccupied with Generally the basic unit of analysis is taken as the ‘individual ‘ who is preoccupied with maximizing or at least fulfilling their public-service corporation ; conceived typically in footings of a tradeoff between work and leisure. It is this blend of false independency and self-interested thrust that creates the jobs within bureau relationships. ( J Roberts, 2004 ) Using this construct to corporate administration, in effect of the separation of ownership and control, it is the stockholder who is taken as the ‘principal ‘ and the job is how the principal can do certain that his ‘agents ‘ – company managers – work for the fulfilment of stockholders involvements instead than their ain. The redresss to this construct of the bureau job within corporate administration involves the credence of certain ‘agency costs ‘ involved either in making incentives/sanctions that will aline executive ego involvement with the involvements of stockholders, or incurred in supervising executive behavior in order to restrain their self-interest. ( J Roberts, 2004 ) As these premises have been read onto corporate administration, and informed its reform in recent decennaries, they have resulted in what are now an about cosmopolitan set of techniques and patterns designed to command the behavior of executives both within the corporation and externally ( Walsh and Seward 1990 ) . Inside the company, boards have basically two agencies to exert control over executives ; they can fire them and they can give them incentives – portion options, long-run inducement programs. For these levers to work, nevertheless, boards must be populated with ‘independent ‘ non-executives who are willing and able to supervise executive public presentation, peculiarly where there are possible struggles of involvement. The growing and development of both the figure of non-executives on boards every bit good as the increased specification of their function and conditions of ‘independence has characterized board reform around the universe. The separa tion of the function of main executive from that of the non-executive president has been portion of this ; in the linguistic communication of Cadbury it is intended that this ensures that no 1 person has ‘unfettered ‘ powers of determination. The creative activity of audit, wage, and nominations commissions all staffed by independent non-executives, is besides common and ideally ensures both the proper usage of inducements and a high grade of monitoring of executive public presentation and decision-making. To these internal controls are added a scope of external controls. Foremost here has been the focal point on enhanced ‘disclosure ‘ , and the ‘transparency ‘ that this allows, chiefly of fiscal public presentation but late besides of societal and environmental public presentation ( Dissanike 1999, Zadek 2001 ) . The purpose is that the portion market is thereby better informed such that all relevant information is impacted into the share-price ( Fama 1980, Barker 1998 ) . There is besides a market for corporate control ( Cosh et al 1989, Robert 2004 ) that ideally allows for weak direction squads to be displaced by strong squads that will run companies to better consequence for stockholders. In recent old ages at least at a policy degree at that place has besides been concern that stockholders – in the signifier of the big institutional investors – taking on their duties as proprietors ( Myners, ISC 2002, Simpson and Charkham, Robert 2004 ) through exerting proper examination and influence both publically and through their private contacts with investors ( Roberts et al 2003, Robert 2004 ) .Covering with Agency Problems – Reward strategiesThere are two polar places for covering with shareholder-manager bureau struggles. At one extreme, the house ‘s directors are compensated wholly on the footing of stock monetary value alterations. In this instance, bureau costs will be low because directors have great inducements to maximise stockholder wealth ( Eugene and Jensen, 1985 ) . It would be highly hard, nevertheless, to engage gifted directors under these contractual footings because the house ‘s net incomes would be affected by economic events that are non under managerial control. At the other extreme, shareholders could supervise every managerial action, but this would be highly dearly-won and inefficient. The optimum solution lies between the extremes, where executive compensation is tied to public presentation, but some monitoring is besides undertaken. In add-on to monitoring, the undermentioned mechanisms encourage directors to move in stockholders ‘ involvements: performance-based inducement programs direct intercession by stockholders the menace of firing the menace of coup d'etat Most publically traded houses now employ public presentation portions, which are portions of stock given to executives on the footing of public presentations as defined by fiscal steps such as net incomes per portion, return on assets, return on equity, and stock monetary value alterations. If corporate public presentation is above the public presentation marks, the house ‘s directors earn more portions. If public presentation is below the mark, nevertheless, they receive less than 100 per centum of the portions. Incentive-based compensation programs, such as public presentation portions, are designed to fulfill two aims. First, they offer executives inducements to take actions that will heighten stockholder wealth. Second, these programs help companies pull and retain directors who have the assurance to put on the line their fiscal hereafter on their ain abilities-which should take to better public presentation wealth ( Eugene and Jensen, 1985 ) . An increasing per centum of common stock in corporate America is owned by institutional investors such as insurance companies, pension financess, and common financess ( Kleiman, 2010 ) . The institutional money directors have the clout, if they choose, to exercise considerable influence over a house ‘s operations. Institutional investors can act upon a house ‘s directors in two primary ways. First, they can run into with a house ‘s direction and offer suggestions sing the house ‘s operations. Second, institutional stockholders can patronize a proposal to be voted on at the one-year shareholders ‘ meeting, even if the proposal is opposed by direction. Although such shareholder-sponsored proposals are nonbinding and affect issues outside daily operations, the consequences of these ballots clearly influence direction sentiment. In the yesteryear, the likeliness of a big company ‘s direction being ousted by its shareholders was so distant that it posed small menace. This was true because the ownership of most houses was so widely distributed, and direction ‘s control over the vote mechanism so strong, that it was about impossible for heretical shareholders to obtain the necessary ballots required to take the directors ( Kleiman, 2010 ) . In recent old ages, nevertheless, the main executive officers at American Express Co. , General Motors Corp. , IBM, and Kmart have all resigned in the thick of institutional resistance and guess that their goings were associated with their companies ‘ hapless runing public presentation. Hostile coup d'etats, which occur when direction does non wish to sell the house, are most likely to develop when a house ‘s stock is undervalued comparative to its possible because of unequal direction ( Chen et al, 2006 ) . In a hostile coup d'etat, the senior directors of the acquired house are typically dismissed, and those who are retained lose the independency they had prior to the acquisition. The menace of a hostile coup d'etat subjects managerial behaviour and induces directors to try to maximise stockholder value ( Kleiman, 2010 ) . In the best instance scenario, bureau cost is managed in such a manner that the involvements of all parties is protected, and the organisation is able to boom as a consequence ( Tatum, 2010 ) . Even if the assorted types of costs or disbursals involved are identified, if the actions pursued to make a balanced divergency of control are non effectual, the organisation is extremely likely to endure, sometimes to the point of complete failure. When this occurs, the collective and personal ends and aims of directors, stockholders, and bondholders are all undermined to some extent, ensuing in losingss for everyone concerned ( Tatum, 2010 ) .

Drawing Names In The Lottery Essay Research Essays

Drawing Names In The Lottery Essay Research Essays Drawing Names In The Lottery Essay Research Essay Drawing Names In The Lottery Essay Research Essay Pulling Name callings In The Lottery Essay, Research Paper Pulling Name callings in The Lottery The common expletive of world, # 8211 ; folly and ignorance, Shakespeare one time wrote. This citation strengthens Shirley Jackson s thoughts in The Lottery, as she really clearly uses symbolic names for her characters to demo the ignorance of the sacrificial lottery the little small town holds twelvemonth after twelvemonth. These forfeits, which used to be held to pacify the God of crop, have grown meaningless in their civilization. Jackson uses the characters non merely to visualise the narrative for the reader but besides each 1 has a significance behind him/her that adds to the ultimate subject. One of the leaders and head work forces of the town is Mr. Summers. Summer is a season of the twelvemonth. It is the season of turning, the season of life. His name represents partially the old heathen birthrate rite because the crop that is being sacrificed to is being grown in the summer. This is purportedly, harmonizing to Old Man Warner, what the lottery held each twelvemonth was all about. But, in this instance, the crop should be all right because the scene of the narrative tells us that the flowers were blooming abundantly and the grass was amply green ( 74 ) . Mr. Summers did many things to easy ween the old tradition, the old abrasiveness, out of the ordeal. He had the wooden french friess replaced with more convienent faux pass of paper. He besides spoke often # 8230 ; about doing a new box ( 75 ) , so, hence, he besides represented new thoughts every bit good as old. The new thoughts that the closed-minded small town people would non accept. If given the opportunity, Mr. Summers would hold more than probably accepted and backed the gesture to discontinue the lottery and halt the forfeit. Even though he conducted the lottery which person was sacrificed ( murdered ) he is seen as one of the most guiltless characters because of his new thoughts and wants for something better. Mr. Summers, with all of his importance, had person over him though. Mr. Graves, the postmaster, must hold been of more importance and power than he because Mr. Summers had to be sworn in by Mr. Graves before he could hold the right to be the functionary of the lottery. As the reader might easy derrive, Mr. Graves symbolizes the sacrificial violent death being caused by the lottery. His high quality over Mr. Summers is besides symbolic. It shows how the forfeit and the lottery in itself is more of import than the new thoughts presented by Mr. Summers and a few other villagers. But, Mr. Graves has many more villagers behind him sharing his positions. One of these is Old Man Warner. Mr. Warner is the oldest adult male in town and, hence, holding the most cognition of what the original tradition was all approximately. He lets us know that there has ever been a lottery ( 77 ) . He is repetadly shown warning the younger parents and the younger coevals O f what they are in for if they do off with the lottery. Hence, he gets the name Warner. He claims the immature folks are a battalion of brainsick saps and that nil is good plenty for them ( 77 ) . Jackson referrs to him as Old Man Warner partially to demo you his age and that he should cognize the most about the lottery. But, besides partially to demo that his oldness, his mentality that he is the wisest, is keeping the community back from the good alterations that could happen. For some ground, Jackson has allowed this adult male to populate through the lottery picking 77 times. It about shows less hope for the younger coevals that the tradition will stop any clip shortly. The younger coevals holding to get down taking portion in this juncture is portrayed by immature Jack Watson. He is eventually caput of the family and is pulling for his household. There is a possible opportunity that Jackson could hold been someway mentioning to a celebrated American psychologist by the name of John B. Watson. John B. Watson was a prima populariser of behaviourism in Shirley Jackson s clip. Behaviorism takes nonsubjective grounds of behaviour ( as measured responses to stimuli ) as the lone footing of its research and theories. In other words, immature Jack Watson was supposed to be portraying the new thought of the younger coevals: that they knew what they were making was incorrect because of the simple grounds of guiltless people deceasing. The guiltless individual that died this clip was Mrs. Hutchinson. She is the 1 that drew the faux pas of paper that had the black point on it which meant she was the one to be sacrificed. Jackson once more uses her name suitably. Hutch is a term for a thorax or compartment for storage ; fundamentally, a box. Of class she drew that black point out of the black box. Her destiny was upon her from the get downing harmonizing to Jackson. She shows up tardily to the meeting jesting lacadasically with the adult females and Mr. Summers ( who was ironically the merely other one late ) . All of her gags turned into supplications and accusals one time she visited that small black box. She made such accusals that it wasn t carnival and that Mr. Summers didn t give him clip adequate to take ( 78 ) . Another possible significance of her symbolic name is that a hutch besides could be something along the line of a pen or henhouse for an animate being. Mrs. Hutchinson ended up being the sacrificial a nimate being, the whipping boy of the group. She was penned or circled in by the remainder of the town when it was clip to lapidate her. Shirley Jackson did a superb occupation pass oning with the reader by a fantastic occupation of utilizing the characters names to typify significances that she couldn t get across to the reader any other manner. She showed how Mr. Graves sacrificial violent death and Old Man Warner s strong tradition was excessively much of a history for Mr. Summers new thoughts and immature Watson s realisations. Mrs. Hutchinson still got her manus in the box and the rock up the side of her caput.

How Segregation Was Ruled Illegal in U.S.

How Segregation Was Ruled Illegal in U.S. In 1896, the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court case determined that separate but equal was constitutional. The opinion of the Supreme Court stated, A statute which implies merely a legal distinction between the white and colored races- a distinction which is founded in the color of the two races, and which must always exist so long as white men are distinguished from the other race by color - has no tendency to destroy the legal equality of the two races, or re-establish a state of involuntary servitude. The decision remained the law of the land until it was overturned by the Supreme Court in the landmark Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954. Plessy v. Ferguson The Plessy v. Ferguson legitimized the numerous state and local laws that had been created around the United States after the Civil War. Across the country, blacks and whites were legally forced to use separate train cars, separate drinking fountains, separate schools, separate entrances into buildings, and much more. Segregation was the law. Segregation Ruling Reversed On May 17, 1954, the law was changed. In the landmark Supreme Court decision of Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson ​decision by ruling that segregation was inherently unequal. Although the Brown v. Board of Education was specifically for the field of education, the decision had a much broader scope. Brown v. Board of Education Although the Brown v. Board of Education decision overturned all the segregation laws in the country, the enactment of integration was not immediate. In actuality, it took many years, much turmoil, and even bloodshed to integrate the country. This monumental decision was one of the most important rulings handed down by the United States Supreme Court in the 20th century.

Human Resource Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Human Resource Management - Research Paper Example Visual sexual harassment is through showing unwanted signs, photographs, drawings, gestures suggesting sex to an individual in the work place (Boland, 2005). Job analysis is the method employed to identify and determine the responsibilities and duties within a job description. The first step in job analysis is identifying its main objective it is important in determining the data to be collected. The second and third steps are choosing the best analyst and suitable method respectively. The fourth step involves training the analysts on how to use the chosen method (Mathis & Jackson, 2010). The fifth step in job analysis entails preparing for analysis by communicating the project to the whole organization. Collecting data fall on the sixth step while reviewing and verifying the collected data falls on the seventh step. The last step is implementing the results which at this time are the developed job description and specification. The advantages of this technique are; gaining of first class information about the job, efficient way of hiring employees and efficient way for appraisal and performance evaluation. The disadvantages are; require s a lot of data, it has a personal bias and it is time consuming (Heron, 2005). Internet recruiting has derived its importance through advances in technology and the need for a 24/07 access of employees and employers. Through internet recruiting, it has been possible, for employers to access qualified personnel from the global environment. Website containing details of job descriptions post vacancies through which a qualified individual responds to. The following three are advantages of internet recruiting. Firstly, it is a cost effective method of hiring. Secondly, the automated recruiting process is accessible 24/07. Thirdly, it is possible to access a large number of skilled individuals from a wider geographical area (Arthur, 2006). Security in the workplace refers to being safe from risks that can occur

Cross-Cultural Management Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cross-Cultural Management Report - Assignment Example The report is a step by step guideline on the influence that cultures have on the development and completion of projects. It follows research that looks at a case study of six Brazilian international companies. Projects from these six companies have different outcomes across continents, and the impact of different cultures on them are analyzed. In the end, the report emphasizes the importance of multi-cultural understanding and integration that ensures the success of projects. It also wraps up in an explanation of the reasons why it is important to know how to manage people from different cultures. It cites that globalization of companies is a norm in the present day business world (Holden, 2002). The research paper, a study on Brazilian Multinationals, and the cultural challenges they face in managing global projects, looks into the internationalization of Brazilian companies. This growth in the company depends on the need to manage multicultural teams. The biggest challenge in the literature study of this topic of development is the lack of theoretical development in this field. It is a new phenomenon that is growing at a very high rate and has caught many researchers by surprise, giving them very little time to study multicultural influences on projects. The research looks at the relationship between management of project teams and the characteristics of different cultures across the globe. It evaluates the role of managers in hiring and the planning, development, and deployment of projects on an international scale. It also looks at the major challenges facing six Multinational companies in their endeavors to achieve success in the international arena. The researcher choo ses Brazil because it is a developing country (Rodrigues, 2012). Developing countries had no Foreign Direct Investment before 1980 and were known to deal locally in all their business ventures. However, there has been a significant change in this trend, to the extent where

Repsitining for pressure ulcer prevention in Adult (review) Gilles Article

Repsitining for pressure ulcer prevention in Adult (review) Gilles BM,Chaboyer WB,McInnes E, - Article Example The objectives of the article were to; evaluate the outcomes of reposition in relation to prevention of PU, establish the most efficient repositioning schedules to prevent PU, and determine the incremental resource consequences and expenses connected with putting into practice various repositioning routines compared with alternating routines or standard practice. The author of the article has clearly stated the purpose of carrying out the research. The general purpose of the research was to examine effectiveness of repositioning as a technique to prevent PU. This condition occurs most to elderly patients who has reduced level of mobility. Another aim of the research was to establish a schedule that is most efficient to prevent the occurrence of PU. In addition, the researcher wanted to find out the incremental consequences on resources and costs associated with putting into practice a variety of repositioning regimens compared with alternating regimens or standard practice. This study was important because pressure ulcers has always remained a big problem to aged patients who spent most of their time at one point for instance on the hospital bed. The article has clearly highlighted how repositioning is useful to prevent development of Pus, which are very painful to the victims. The study is relevant and highly applicable to prevent pressure ulcers because they are painful, distressing, and dangerous to life through causing sepsis, infection, and sometimes death. Repositioning is an essential element of pressure ulcer prevention and management; it has a sound theoretical underlying principle, and is extensively suggested and applied in practice. The qualitative research method that was applied in this research was appropriate in addressing the research objective because it aimed to gather into depth information about how pressure ulcers occurs and how repositioning can be

Characteristics of Chinese Culture in Online Games

Characteristics of Chinese Culture in Online Games Abstract Game industry is a kind of globalizing market. This research is investigating the relationship between game art and culture. Due to each culture has an original root which influences particular cultural forms. Therefore, cultural barriers play a crucial role in the game design. In some ways, cultural barriers prevent games from globalization market. The society of online games is formed by players who come from various culture backgrounds. Additionally, the online game which involves more interactive elements is affected by culture significantly. Players are not playing with computer but human beings. This new way of game play gives more freedom to players and designers. Meanwhile, online game has close connection with culture. When we talk about online game industry we cannot ignore the Chinese online game industry, because China is one of the biggest online game industries in the world. The paper focuses on Chinese online game industry because of its accomplishments, highest speed of development and huge online game market. And how this ancient culture influences the new media form is crucial area to investigate. Firstly, brief original Chinese culture will be presented for clearing an archetypal culture value. Based on Chinese online game industry, a local game named Westward Journey Online ? is examined for getting valuable methods which are how to use the archetypal cultural values into game art. From the examination on Chinese culture, value methods possible are getting for widen audiences all over the world. However, there is limitation existing in this paper which ignores other distinguishing culture contents. Further research might go more detailed on various culture forms for this particular research area.   1 Introduction The main purpose of this research is to examine the archetypal/universal characteristics that are expressed in Chinese culture within Multiple Massive Online Games in order to explain to a western the shared human values that are expressed in a uniquely Chinese expression of archetypal human values. The study examines the impact of archetypal cultural characteristics on game aesthetics that is important for corporations that are desirous to explore business throughout worldwide. Due to globalization might be a kind of megatrend in modern society as cultural forms, cultural barriers might exist to prevent the global distributions of games to some extent in the process of game development. There was a hot discussion about a female character in different cultural styles online (Liuduanyinsu 2008). This female character named Faith who was the heroine in Mirrors Edge which was developed by D.I.C.E studio in Sweden (2009). Her appearance caused controversy about what kind of female charac ter could reach the expectation from each side of culture backgrounds. When Mirrors edge came to Japan, the Japanese players were not satisfied in the design of this character. Therefore, some of Japanese players adopted the female character depending on their own expectations. We could see the clear distinguishing features of different tastes on female beauty from figure 1 and 2. After the adaptation of the character, each side of players expressed their opinions. Both sides were not satiated to the other sides design. The discussion presented the cultural barriers on female beauty. Exploring the question that is how the features of culture influences game aesthetics could clarify the future direction of both single Game Corporation and the whole game industry. Therefore, a high level of culture understanding is necessary for meeting players expectations. As a result, the cultural barriers influence game aesthetics in certain ways. The platform of the study is set in China which is a long history country and has various mythologies which could reflect traditional culture and the process of development of each culture in some way. The culture studies could give us the solid basis of understanding of the Chinese cultural root and human values. The newest form studies of combing game art and culture open the door to explore new opportunities for fresh knowledge in this area. At the same time, the examination of Chinese culture could give a brief impression to western readers for understanding the distinct cultural form which has very different philosophy of life, attitudes, lifestyle, ideology and values from westerners. Meanwhile, it is aware that the myths influence game design and aesthetics significantly. Many myths are widely applied into game design and art, for example the characters in myths become main adopted features into game design like priest, Druid, Dragons etc both in western culture and eastern cu lture. Why is this situation happening? Are there same features between mythology and games so that the two things could be concordantly combined? In the research, the Journey to the West and games that were adapted from it is employed as a successful case to investigate for finding the acceptable answers. Moreover, the fast speed of development online game industry gives the research an additional benefit to unfold the examination. According to the trend of globalization, bigger game marketplace could be opened by applying different cultural contexts into game aesthetics after the research. Moreover, the game industry gains much more attention from modern society which includes academic field and marketplace. People desire to obtain benefits from the fresh and cutting edge game industry such as entertainment and education. The major research question is: how archetypal/universal characteristics are reflecting in online games based on Chinese culture? Afterwards, two further questions are: what is the archetypal characteristic of Chinese culture? And what kinds of archetypal could be translated into universal for more audiences in online games? For answering these questions, multidiscipline study will be involved. There are culture studies, art, marketing and the newest one- computer games study. Depends on aims and research questions, the objectives have been listed below: To establish understanding of culture for game aesthetics using creative methods in culture studies To explore the relation of mythology and game aesthetics across several subjects To explore the functions of culture in game aesthetics and seek possibility of combining two different cultures into game art for widen players. 2 The background information of Chinese online game industry 2.1 Localization of Chinese online game industry Chinese online game industry has a fastest speed of development and gives a great influence on the globalization game marketplace. From the research of the three nations that are American, Korea and China, it could be discovered that the income of American online game came from games exporting, and Korea is developing the exporting outside and locally operating, the income of China online game mainly came from locally operating. Therefore, a part of income in American and Korea online games came from Chinese online game marketplace (iResearch 2009). The report from iResearch (2009) evinced that the revenue of Chinese online game market occupied about 27 percentages of global game market and it is ranked the second position, American online game industry is 29 percentages to take the lead and Korea is the third position as 21 percentages. Due to the fact about the data sources of game exporting, it is aware that Chinese online games industry is localization because of the lower export level. The reasons might be the strategy of government, cultural barriers or limitation of development. However, the Chinese online game industry is the biggest game marketplace in the world that is gradually getting more and more important status in international game industry by reason that the Chinese market size is 30.4 million dollars which occupies 27.1 percentages of the gross income of global online game marketing in 2008 according to the iResearch China Online Game Research Report (2009). In addition, China online game industry has the fastest developing speed. The report also predicted that the occupancy of Chinese online game market will continually increase at the speed of 5 percentages based on the research. Additionally, it is expected that the occupancy of Chinese online game market will be close to 50 percentages, and reach to 45.9 percentages (iResearch 2009). So it will become a big importing point of international online game industry. 2.2 The reasons of localization of online games boom in China The localization of Chinese online game industry is possibly caused by multiple reasons. Are the Chinese players easily accepting the games which are set in other cultural contexts? The answer is negative. Local games with strong cultural contexts could get sympathetic attentions by players who live in the cultural environments. The cultural barriers caused game marketplace in certain ways. Based on the research about the developing areas of online games which are paid great attention in Chinese online game industry by Baidu (2009), the highest attention rate of place of online games developers is China, the 49.65 percentages, following the second place is Korea which is 43.82 percentages, then there are American and Europe occupied 5.36 percentages and Japan is the lowest attention rate which is 1.18 percentages. So we can see the major online games are developed by local Chinese developers and Chinese neighbour-Korea which has similar culture with China. The similar cultures shared common online game market. And online game industry meet the situation in China, it is getting more and more advanced support from government and other objective supports. Since the operating of Chinese governments strategy named reform and opening-up, the political climate became enlightened and loosened so that peoples concepts are diversity and more easily accepting new things and globalization environment is established as a result of that popular culture could gain opportunity of booming (Xiaolin 2008). Moreover, why could the online games get improvement in China rather than console games? One main reason is the pirate. In China, players could spend just few money to get the illegal copies from peddlers. This becomes a bad habit in Chinese players. And the pirate brings a negative influence to the console and computer games. Therefore, Chinese developers cannot get deserved profits from developing videogames and console games. The intellectual property of game developers is not protected. The failure sales of videogames and computer games give more space to online games development in China. Finally, huge population forms the largest marketplace in China. It is reported that there are more than three hundreds millions cyber citizens in China until 17 July 2009 depending on the update database of China Internet Network Information Centre (2009). Thanks to the development of hardware and cyber technology, the disseminate internet is continually growing. More and more people use internet in China, and there are more potential players on internet. Based on the investigation of Niko Partners, there are forty six million online game players who spent seventeen million dollars on online games in China (Sina 2008). This great circumstance for online games creates more and more opportunities for online game development. Following on the fast developing speed of Chinese online game industry, the further potentials need to be explored by the industry insiders. 3 The background of Chinese culture 3.1 The collective and discriminative culture In different situation, the definition of culture has different explanation. The research mainly discussed art and culture for the latter investigation of game art and culture. Therefore, the definition of culture related to art or aesthetics is the focal point; it does not mean we ignore other important comprehension of culture studies, all the necessary study also is considered through the whole process of investigation. For the later research, which definition of culture is properly suitable for investigating the relation of culture and game aesthetics might be sorted out. Firstly the definition of culture in dictionary must be considered. The culture in English involves several meanings as a noun. The one of major definitions in Oxford Advanced Learners English-Chinese Dictionary (1990, p.284) of culture described that all the arts, beliefs, social institutions, etc characteristic of a community, race, etc. In Collins COBUILD Advanced Learners English Dictionary (2004), there are similar explanations of the term culture that are culture consists of activities such as the arts and philosophy, which are considered to be important for the development of civilization and of peoples mind, a culture is a particular society or civilization, especially considered in relation to its beliefs, way of life, or art and the culture of a particular organization or group consists of the habits of the people in it and the way they generally behave. From there definition in dictionary, the main feature of culture is collective, a certain subject of peoples common min d. The common ground includes arts, beliefs, habits, lifestyle, customs, institutions and philosophy. So sometimes, the culture means peoples shared mind in one nation, one race even bigger in one group which has common benefits. Simply speaking, culture could be understood as a group of people who has a similar taste on game aesthetics in this field of research. This might be the reason why cultural barriers influence selling of games which involve strong cultural features. Excepting the property of collective of culture, another crucial nature of culture is discriminative. Culture is regarded as the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another by Geert (2001). If a culture loses its own distinguishing feature, it will vanish in the world. In other word, culture involves another important function which is identifying humans origins. Therefore, different cultures exist by their identification and discrimination with other cultural forms. Applying the feature of culture into this research, the different areas in game industry could be distinguished by analysing cultural characteristics. There is another English word civilisation which is treated as a synonym of the word culture. It has similar definition with culture; however this word civilisation emphasizes on the differentiation of culture. People always say ancient Egyptian civilisation, American Indian civilisation and Arab civilisation etc. When we say Chinese civilisation, the name externalizes the particular cultural form. A culture is archetypal and distinguishing. Therefore, the different culture gives distinguishing art styles to various games. 3.2 Chinese culture The Chinese culture exists for thousands of years; it has great influences to the East area and other parts of the world. Due to the complex culture forms, it is hard to present a very clear and details of this particular culture. This paper is investigating the major root of Chinese culture which possibly affects modern new media the games. These contents of Chinese cultural root include Confucianism, Taoism and very crucial concepts of harmony between man and nature. These foundational concepts of Chinese culture give a great influence to very aspects of modern society. Meanwhile, games reflect or being reflected these traditional cultural concepts more or less. It needs to understand the cultural root for further studies of games and culture. 3.2.1 Brief introduction of Confucianism The Confucianism is a complexity. Some people consider it is a cult, others think it is a form of learning (Xinzhong 2000). However, the research regards Confucianism is a form of culture. The content of Confucianism involves several disciplines such as moral, social, political, philosophical, and quasi-religious which reflect cultural contexts in China. Due to the Confucianism involves different explanations in different historical periods; there is no specific definition for it. From different aspects, we could get different comprehensions from Confucianism. However, the central thought still exists and has positive impacts on modern Chinese people. Generally speaking, there are three cores themes and a crucial core concept in Confucianism. Those are Li ritual in English, De virtue, Ren humanity and the doctrine of mean. It is said that China is a state of ceremony because of the strict ritual from Confucianism. Some of the rituals were used into Chinese online games in order to give the local people familiar things in a virtual and realistic ancient world. In terms of original concept, Li is an important behavioural norm in Confucianism, and it includes traditional rituals. In Confucianism, it states that grades of peoples relationship which includes the monarch and his subjects, parents and children, older sisters (brothers) and young sisters (brothers) should be clearly distinguished, and upper position of person have superior rights than lowers (Baidu 2009). For example, in ancient Chinese imperial family the emperor could talk several wives, and the first wifes child is the son and heir who have greatest prerogatives than other wives children, such as acceding to the throne as the first person selected. And in modern China, the norm involves less power, but in Chinese family there are still some shadows of the Li existing. For instance, children should respect seniorities. When a Chinese family have an important dinner together, the oldest family member takes a seat in the best positions around a big table. The senior people usually have a greater power in the society, others always respect them. So the Li developed the strict hierarchy system in ancient Chinese society. The virtue named De in Chinese is a tool to measure humans behaviours. Filial piety and Loyalty are two main contents in Confucianism (Kai-wing 1994, p.36). Filial piety means children should respect their parents. Simply speaking, offspring should give supports to their seniorities that cannot take care of themselves. These supports include mental supports and material supports. There are many legends and tales talking about filial piety in China to instruct peoples behaviours. One of the famous stories about filial piety is that the person named Dongyong sold himself for money in order to bury his fathers body, the city named Xiaogan which means the miracle of filial piety inspires god came from the ancient story (Wilt 2009). Ancient Chinese emperor applies De into ruling. The virtue in Confucianism requests governors using benevolent politics and self virtue to rule civilians. It presents using virtue to educate people for peaceful and steady society. Humanity is a core content of Confucianism. It claims loving human, people should love each other, support each other and existing with each other. Therefore, the basic meaning of Ren is homage and friendship. In ancient Chinese governments always employed Ren into their ruling strategy, so it was developed to a kind of political strategy called policy of benevolence which advocated using the proactive and ethical human being to rule the country. It is different with western jural strategy. However, it involves some limit from contemporary viewpoints. The doctrine of mean is another crucial concept of Confucianism. Zhangxin who is a professor researching Sinology introduced his opinion about the doctrine of mean. The spirit of medium way is doing something using appropriate methods to keep the things in a reasonable and fair expectation for people. He also claimed culture does not need to meet the international standards and the archetypal culture is the universal. Medium way is a root of Confucianism and Chinese culture, it affects peoples behaviours at present. Peoples characteristics might be determined by the origin of their cultures. So the characteristics of Chinese people are introverted poise and defensive just reflect the medium way in Confucianism. 3.2.2 Brief introduction of Taoism In the research, the characteristics of China are going to discuss from the native religion of Taoism rather than investigation on religion itself. Taoism is a native philosophical and religious of China and it focus on the moral code. It came from China and has influenced East Asia for over two millennia and the West for over two centuries (James 2003). On one hand, Taoism is one of main original inspirations for Chinese games. On the other hand, it is a core of human value in Chinese society. Taoisms concepts could be applied into computer game design. The original religion involves several worships. Those include nature worship, totem worship, spirits worship and ancestor worship. Moreover, there is a complex system of Daoism, different branches have different leaders. These features of Daoism give great inspirations to game designers. The features have already employed into several Chinese games which used traditional themes and backgrounds. The Jianxia3 online employed many Daoisms elements into the game play (Kingsoft 2009). Players could choose Chunyang branch which is a real branch of Daoism as their clans. There are many rooms of Daoism could be employed into game design such as celestial beings, making pills of immortality and Fengshui theory in Daoism. Taoism affects human beings behaviours and thoughts; from this point the conducts in Taoism could reveal the core human value in China. The noun Taoism involves different elements with Daoism, at the first place we should distinguishing the two nouns for latter discussion. Taoism is a type of thought or doctrine; it was developed by Lao Tzu who is a thinker and ideologist in ancient China. The book named Tao Te Ching is a Chinese classic text which is considered as a basic origin in Taoism like Bible in Christianity. However, the first official classic of Daoism is named Taiping Ching. Tao Te Ching and Taiping Ching plus Zhouyicantongqi are considered as the origin of Daoisms religion and theory by current academic area. Simply speaking, Taoism is a kind of theory and Daoism is a religion. There are the jewels of the Tao: compassion, moderation and humility (Ray 1989, p.133). These conducts reflect to Taoist become a crucial belief named Wu wei which is action without bureaucratic, competitive, aggressive, or self-serving effort. Wu wei is a way of being that comes from an internal sensitivity to the natural rhythms of the universe, similar to water flowing over or around rocks, logs, or islands in a stream, (R. Paul 2002, p.152). Wu wei is a basic cognition of Taoism to the development of nature and human society. The general meaning of Wu wei action through inaction does not mean doing nothing but revealing things with soft and invisible power (Richard 2004). In Taoism, it is considered humans behaviours and the way of act should obey the law of nature. The all things in the world develop by themselves, human beings cannot intervene the development of nature and all other things. This thought forces Chinese people like to stick to old ways and make Chinese characteri stic becoming mediocrity. This is reflected in the characteristics is defensive and moderate temperament. 3.2.3 The relationship between man and nature in Chinese culture This concept of relationship between man and nature reflects into game design is that the characters in games usually involve appearances of natural things like animal monsters. The situation is very different from western games which seldom apply monsters came from nature. This might be caused by Chinese original root which is called harmony between man and nature which is widely considered as the main principal part of Chinese traditional culture. In the traditional Chinese culture, the world is separated into three parts that are heaven, manpower and earth. For each part there are specific classic texts for guiding peoples behaviours. I Ching is used to guide for explaining relation between heaven and manpower. It presents how to obey law of nature to make human ideal and healthy. The analects of Confucius expound relation between manpower and heaven for instructing people making right choices. And the Sunzi Art of War is a book to be used in war it presents relations of human bei ngs themselves. The Dao Te Ching which was mentioned in previous paragraph is employed to coordinate human and earth making the harmony between man and nature. The last one named Huang di nei Ching interprets earth and human beings for guide people to get the benefits from earth. The ancient classic traditional Chinese philosophy teaches Chinese people the major behaviours. It affects peoples choices more or less in modern society. Understanding Chinese culture, these principles have to be clarified, because when the character involves archetypal characteristics it must follows some elements from these concepts from ancient China. 3.3 The original mythology in Chinese culture Mythology should not to be neglected because it reflects culture in some ways. William considers myth is culturally important, and myths are this kind of story which are created by individuals interpretations in discriminating special societies (William 2000). Myths demonstrate certain culture contents such as religious, rituals, customs, and peoples behaviours. Therefore, it might bring us to an articulate culture form by examining the particular mythology. In terms of game design, there are many games applying mythic elements into character designs, background stories, environment designs and requests designs. There might have common senses between games and myths. Why could the mythic contents be widely employed into games? This chapter will discuss myth and find out the bonding point between myths and games. 3.3.1 The definition of mythology At the first place, it needs to clarify that what are mythology and what kind of characteristics is involved in mythology. Williams suggested that myths are fictional but not unreal and non-empirical, however they are not incomprehensible and formed by values of fundamental mythical orientations of cultures (Williams 2000). And a common contestation of mythology is that myths are stories about gods or remote ancestors, myths are sacred stories, myths are stories that explain how the world and humans came to be in their present forms, and myths encapsulate important information about human thought, feeling, history, and social life (Yang, Deming and Jessica 2005). However, particular myths could be understood by people who live in the particular culture environment, it is hard to be comprehended by other person who has different culture background if he has not established understanding of the particular culture. Because each culturally mythology has distinguishing features. But myths still have universal features like the statement was presented by Stith Thompson in 1955 that myths are connecting with gods and their behaviours, creation, and the general nature of the universe and of the earth (Yang, Deming and Jessica 2005). Therefore, myths are universal and archetypal in every cultural form by using dialectic method of analysis. Games as a creative industry need creation and imagination, however the design of games should not be incredible. The attributes of games are very similar with mythologys which discussed above. This is not a coincidence; this is why there are so many designers employed mythological elements into the game design. There are two reasons that games should be imaginative and believable. The first one is the purpose of playing for imaginative feature of games. Players are anxious for getting entrainment from games; they usually want to get different experiences from playing games. If the environment and characters in games are same with real life, the game will be boring. Even a simulating game like series of Sims also involves other virtual elements for giving different experiences to players. Another reason is for believable; a game should be attractive to players, when players play the game they are immersing into the games. Unreal and incredible characters and environment cannot be acc eptable by players. So most of successful games were adopted from real stories, the Non-players character, the monsters and the avatars for players were altered from fictional characters in mythology. Generally speaking, games and mythology have same attributes. That the reason mythologies are widely used into game design both in environment setting, background stories and character designs. 3.3.2 The origin of mythology The origin of mythology is various. Some myths are adopted from the narratives of scripture by adding several imaginative elements and altered contents of the original scripture. And historical events are another source of mythology; the real historical case was rewritten by later people using the forms of legends and fabulous traditions which are widely disseminated. Additionally, there are other two features could describe myths which are allegorical and physical, nearly all the ancient myths are symbolical and involved some educational contents in aspects of moral, religious or philosophical truth etc (Thomas 2004). In terms of the origin of Chinese mythology, it is generally believed that the Chinese mythology originated from the totemism of remote Chinese ancestors and legends of ancient tribes. Some Chinese myths are another form of historical records, for instance it is confirmed that the myth of Nà ¼wa is partly true after discovering the historical remains belongs to the period of maternal tribes in China (need evidences). Moreover, the Chinese myths mirrored contents of religions; the concept of three worlds that are heaven, earth and human being in Chinese mythology is coming from Buddha. Many online games which were set in ancient Chinese environment were applied the concept of three worlds into game design. The characters in these games are generally separated into three groups which are celestial beings, devils and human beings. The Chinese cultural concept of the harmony between human and heaven is also reflecting in the local mythology. The Chinese myths usually concentrate on explain rationalize, embellish, humanize, or historicize the mythical beings (Williams 2000 1993: 387). The Chinese myths usually involve the characters who came from nature, like various devils are transformed from animals or plants of the nature. And they involve historical events such as Yan Di who is a mythic figure that invented agriculture in Chinese history, and many devils in mythology are transformed from animals and plants so that their appearances embody the shape of original animals or plants. This phenomenon might be a kind of culture barriers existing in the form of mythology. From the statement above, we could see the origin of mythology causes a kind of culture barrier. Mythologies of one culture are formed with local nuances. For example, the Chinese mythologies are influenced by local religions which are Buddha, Taoism and cultural ideology which is the harmony between human and nature. The local culture might determine major contents of mythologies. And mythologies were spreading by people in the different periods, during the different historical periods peoples thoughts are different and in some way reflect the certain society cognition. Therefore, the mythology is a mixture of local culture and peoples ideology of that time. Depends on distinguishing history of every culture, the local mythology is hardly understanding by other people who came from different cultural background. 3.3.3 The Chinese mythology in online games Due to the similar points between mythology and games, they naturally combine together. Moreover, the